As my Aspire Change EDU consultant team and I visit classrooms on a routine basis, we strive to lead administrators, coaches, and teachers in reflecting on their practice using questioning techniques. The majority of these often revolve around engagement, and it is quickly realized that when students are compliant, it is because the adult is doing all the work or talking. A simple yet powerful strategy to move from compliance to engagement is discourse through turn & talk.
So why is this so important when it comes to engagement? Student discourse, the interaction and exchange of ideas among students, is a vital component of learning. When students engage in meaningful conversations, they are not only actively constructing knowledge but also developing essential competencies for academic and personal success.
Cognitive Development and Critical Thinking
Research has consistently shown that student discourse is a powerful tool for cognitive development. As Mercer (2000) argues, "Talk is not simply a vehicle for transmitting information; it is a tool for thinking." When students articulate their thoughts and listen to the perspectives of their peers, they are challenged to think critically, analyze information, and construct new knowledge. This process helps students identify gaps in their understanding, refine their ideas, and develop a deeper appreciation for diverse viewpoints.
Enhanced Communication
The ability to articulate ideas clearly and persuasively is highly valued in today's interconnected world. Through classroom discussions, students learn to express themselves effectively orally and in writing. They also develop the ability to listen attentively, ask probing questions, and respond thoughtfully to the ideas of others. These skills are not only valuable for academic success but also for personal and professional growth.
Building Community and Belonging
When students feel safe and supported to share their thoughts and ideas, they are more likely to develop positive relationships with their peers and teachers. This sense of community can create a more inclusive and welcoming learning environment where all students feel valued and empowered to contribute, something Nicki Slaugh and I emphasize in Personalize.
Nurturing Environments Conducive to Learning
To maximize the benefits of student discourse through turn & talk or think-pair-share, educators must create a supportive classroom culture that encourages open dialogue and critical thinking. This involves establishing clear expectations for respectful interaction, providing opportunities for students to practice their communication skills, utilizing scaffolded questions, and modeling effective discourse practices themselves. As Weimer (2015) suggests, learner-centered teaching approaches, which prioritize student voice and active participation, can significantly enhance the impact of student discourse.
Quality discussion involves purposeful questions prepared in advance, assessment, and starting points for further conversations. I shared the following ideas in Disruptive Thinking:
Facilitate face-to-face interaction
Pose open-ended questions
Encourage peer-to-peer dialogue
Prompt students to explain their reasoning
Diversify question formats
Provide opportunities for all students to share out following the discussion to amplify voice (individual whiteboards, dry-erase surfaces, Post-it notes, technology)
By creating a space for authentic conversation, teachers can transform their classrooms into vibrant learning communities where students thrive. As the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018) emphasize, student engagement is a key factor in promoting deep learning and long-lasting knowledge retention.
Student discourse is a powerful tool for fostering critical thinking, enhancing communication skills, and building a strong sense of community within the classroom. By prioritizing student voice and creating opportunities for meaningful conversation, teachers can create more engaging, inclusive, and transformative learning experiences for all students.
Mercer, N. (2000). Words and minds: How we use language to think together. Routledge.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). The science of learning: Organization, motivation, and engagement. National Academies Press.
Weimer, M. (2015). Learner-centered teaching: Five key changes to practice. Jossey-Bass.
